Queen Isabella II of Spain Was a Controversial Ruler

Sovereign Isabella II of Spain Was a Controversial Ruler Foundation Isabella, who lived during upset occasions for the Spanish government, was the girl of Ferdinand VII of Spain (1784 - 1833), a Bourbon ruler, by his fourthâ wife, Maria of the Two Sicilies (1806 - 1878). She was conceived October 10, 1830. Her Fathers Reign Ferdinand VII became ruler of Spain in 1808 when his dad, Charles IV, abdicated. He abandoned around two months after the fact, and Napoleon introduced Joseph Bonaparte, his sibling, as the Spanish lord. The choice was disliked, and inside months Ferdinand VII was again settled as ruler, however he was in France under Napoleons control until 1813. When he returned, it was as an established, not total, ruler. His rule was set apart by a lot of agitation, however there was relative solidness by the 1820s, other than having no living youngsters to pass his title to. His first spouse kicked the bucket after two unnatural birth cycles. His two girls from his previous union with Maria Isabel of Portugal (his niece) likewise didn't endure earliest stages. He had no kids by his third spouse. He wedded his fourth spouse, Maria of the Two Sicilies, in 1829. They had initial one girl, the future Isabella II, in 1830, at that point another little girl, Luisa, more youthful than Isabella II, who lived from 1832 to 1897, and wedded Antoine, Duke of Monpensier. This fourth spouse, Isabella IIs mother, was another niece, girl of his more youthful sister Maria Isabella of Spain. Thus, Charles IV of Spain and his better half, Maria Luisa of Parma, were Isabellas fatherly grandparents and maternal extraordinary grandparents. Isabella Becomes Queen Isabella prevailing to the Spanish seat on the passing of her dad, September 29, 1833, when she was only three years old. He had left headings that Salic Lawâ would be saved with the goal that his girl, as opposed to his sibling, would succeed him. Maria of the Two Sicilies, Isabellas mother, probably had convinced him to make that move. Ferdinands sibling and Isabellas uncle, Don Carlos, contested her entitlement to succeed. The Bourbon family, of which she was a section, had until this time kept away from female legacy of rulership. This contradiction about progression prompted the First Carlist War, 1833-1839, while her mom, and afterward General Baldomero Espartero, filled in as officials for the underage Isabella. The military at last settled her standard in 1843. Early Uprisings In a progression of political turns, called the Affair of the Spanish Marriages, Isabella and her sister wedded Spanish and French aristocrats. Isabella had been relied upon to wed a relative of Prince Albert of England. Her adjustment in marriage plans distanced England, enable the preservationist group in Spain, and bring Louis-Philippe of France closer to the moderate group. This helped lead to the liberal uprisings of 1848 and to Louis-Philippes rout. Isabella was reputed to have picked her Bourbon cousin, Francisco de Assis, as a spouse since he was barren, and they generally lived separated, however they had children. Her moms pressure has additionally been credited with Isabellas decision. Rule Ended by Revolution Her dictatorship, her strict devotion, her coalition with the military and the mayhem of her rule - sixty distinct governments - realized the Revolution of 1868 that banished her to Paris. She renounced on June 25, 1870, for her child, Alfonso XII, who controlled start in December 1874, after the First Spanish Republic crumbled. Despite the fact that Isabella sporadically came back to Spain, she lived the greater part of her later years in Paris, and she never again applied a lot of political force or impact. Her title after relinquishment was Her Majesty Queen Isabella II of Spain. Her significant other passed on in 1902. Isabella died April 9 or 10, 1904. You can likewise find out about Queen Isabellas in Historyâ on this site, in the event that this Isabella isnt the one you were searching for

Edict of Milan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proclamation of Milan - Essay Example Along these lines, direct or inferred, the section of the order cleared approach to Art and Architecture with Christian topics. The Latin word Basilica initially alluded to an open structure in the focal point of town. The Roman Basilica, which appeared as though an enormous roofed lobby, was utilized as a spot for executing business and other lawful issues. The corridor is isolated by sections which made isles and arcade spaces. In these desk areas are the authorities and copyists who take care of the exchanges. On one or the two parts of the bargains is a propped up stage called an apse. This is for the seats for the justices. A few times, there are even seats for others to watch the procedure of the legitimate exercises. These basilicas appeared as though secured commercial centers (New World Encyclopedia). This was actually the reason for the Basilica Porcia in Rome. After the proclamation, Christians, who presently had a freshly discovered opportunity, chose to assemble structures and structures for their love. Sanctuaries, in spite of the fact that fills a comparable need, doesn't suite the practices that are to be made. Sanctuaries for the agnostic divine beings serves generally as store boxes for fortunes and figures of the divine beings. There is additionally the way that love rehearses are done outside of the sanctuary under the open sky. Constantine I utilized the engineering idea of early Roman basilicas as a format for the excellent spot of love. The new basilicas were molded as long square shapes two stories high, with positions of curve headed windows one over the other. They additionally had an inside nave with one isle at each side and an apse toward one side. This apse is presently known as the special raised area. The word Basilica had changed after the decree. It at that point implied as a position of Christian love or an enormous church which was given a stylized gift of the Pope (New World Encyclopedia). A case of this would be the Basilica of Vitale in Italy. From that point on, basilicas are no longer connected with business or governmental issues however of profound shelter. Despite the fact that the focal point of the city despite everything houses the business and political locale, the congregation is constantly found close. In fifteenth century Europe, the courts of urban areas are viewed as the middle and on inverse sides of the square are the congregation and the town lobby. This keeps up the idea of keeping the basilica at the focal point of the city. The proclamation of 313 has had an extraordinary effect in the engineering and utilization of basilicas. However, at present day, both basilica designs are perceived; compositional basilicas are alluded to the early Roman adaptation where as the pos-decree basilicas are of the clerical kind. References: The Edict of Milan: Constantine Augustus and Licinius Augustus. College of Pennsylvania. Gotten to: March 31, 2009. . Basilica, New World Encyclop

2015 Final Freshman Decisions are Now Available - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2015 Final Freshman Decisions are Now Available - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2015 Final Freshman Decisions are Now Available Final freshman decisions are now available online. We had a very strong applicant pool this year! We had just over 22,200 applications, which was our largest applicant pool ever. Here are a few notes about decisions: Please do not have multiple family members try to log onto the myStatus. This will slow down our serves. We suggest that only the student log in as multiple people logging in could lock down your myStatus. You can always share this information with family members after you see it. Remember, the myStatus page might be a little slow when it first opens due to high traffic volume-Just be patient. No matter what your decision is, remember that there are a number of college options and UGA is just one of them. An admissions decision is not a judgement about your worth. A majority of our applicants are strong, qualified applicants, but our freshman class is not big enough to accommodate everyone. When trying to comprehend your decision, please understand that our office is looking at your file individually, then in comparison with the rest of the 22,200+ applicants. That is a very large, very strong applicant pool, and we are limited in how many students we can admit and enroll. We posted three blog posts this morning, one for each of the three decision possibilities, with details about each decision and links to FAQs. Please review everything about a decision before commenting. Please remember that other students and the admissions representatives in our office are people too and treat everyone with respect. Before hitting submit on a comment, make sure you actually want to post it. As in past years, we have admitted a small group of freshman to start in the Spring 2016 term. Please make sure to look at the term of acceptance if you are admitted. An offer of Spring will not be shifted to Fall or Summer, as we made a decision to admit this small group for Spring 2016. We will post limited statistics about the overall applicant group next week, once that information is available and I have time to share them. I will not be able to give out statistics in the days following the release of decisions as I do not have them, and we are more focused on getting the decisions out the door. We will delete any comments that are offensive, ask for personal information/stats from others, or that fall into the unacceptable comment category (Comments that bully, intimidate, or harass any user; Content that is hateful or threatening. Please see the New Visitors information posted on the right side of the blog). After decisions are out, the next steps are up to you. Whether you are depositing at UGA or another school, signing up for Housing, or registering for Orientation. Make sure you take care of everything you need to post-decision. Go Dawgs!

Analysis Of Sallie Mcfague s An Ecological Christology

Sallie McFague’s essay â€Å"An Ecological Christology,† asks if Christology can be ecological since it is the center aspect of Christianity. She talks about the fact that Christ should be reevaluated at every age since there were different factors influencing the times. The environmental crisis is a good example of the need to reinterpret Christ due to the influences behind modern times. Christology is then explained in six different categories: prophetic, wisdom, sacramental, eschatological, process and liberation. At the conclusion of her essay, she offers her own Christology that is a practice of loving nature. This practice would be hard to convert to but it will provide abundance that materialism never could. The central theme in McFague’s essay is asking if these six different categories can be united to create an ecological Christology. McFague begins her essay by stating that originally Christianity was not anthropocentric, but the age of the enlightenment made it so. This gave Lynn White a viable reason behind his argument in his famous essay. â€Å"What creation meant in the first or third or twelfth century cannot serve as an answer to the question, how can Christians act responsibly toward nature in the twenty-first century?† (McFague 334). This is true because if one were to look at the creation story as a whole, they would notice the parts that say how man cannot destroy nature because it will not be replaced. Instead, the development of technology lead this passage to

E-Commerce Strategies for Airasia - 1576 Words

AIR ASIA E-COMMERCE STRATEGIES Low cost per average seat kilometer AirAsia focused on ensuring a competitive cost structure as its main business strategy. It has been able to achieve a cost per average seat kilometer (ASK) of 2.5 cents, half that of Malaysia Airlines and Ryanair and a third that of EasyJet. AirAsia can lease the B737-300s aircraft at a very competitive market rates due to the harsh global market conditions for the second-hand aircrafts because of the September 11th event in 2001. Low distribution cost AirAsia focus on Internet bookings and ticketless travel allowed it to lower the distribution cost. Attractive ticket price With the average fare being 40-60% lower than its full-service competitor, AirAsia has been†¦show more content†¦E-Commerce-Allowing Malaysia Airlines to reduce distribution costs by providing a convenient, easy to use Internet Booking Engine. E-Ticketing and DCS-Moving from traditional paper toe-tickets by May 2008, in line with IA TAs requirements. This included an upgraded Departure Control System so that Malaysia Airlines could offer new self-service options to passengers, including kiosk and web check-in. Revenue Integrity-To authenticate every booking ensuring it produces an actual passenger upon departure, avoiding the revenue leakage which occurred in the past. Fares Management-To enable Malaysia Airlines to distribute fares more efficiently around the world and to improve pr icing decisions. A critical success factor was the ability to integrate all five work streams with other existing systems in place throughout Malaysia Airlines. SITA’s solution in a first for the region, and with a contract worth more than US$80million over a ten-year period, SITA has been undertaking a comprehensive overhaul of Malaysia Airlines existing passenger applications and services, covering the five work streams -reservations, e-commerce, ticketing and departure control, revenue integrity and fares management. 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Low cost airlines generally have several differentiate to the traditional carriers. For example, low cost airline implement ticketless travel, online ticket, no free food and beverages and etc. AirAsia provides low airfares flight to the travelers, offering 40%-60% lower than other airline. This low airfaresRead MoreAir Asia Advertising Types4337 Words   |  18 Pages2001, Dato’ Tony Fernandes along with Dato’ Pahamin Ab. Rajab (Chairman, AirAsia), Dato’ Kamarudin bin Meranun (Deputy Group Chief Executive Officer, AirAsia) and Abdul Aziz bin Abu Bakar (Director, AirAsia) formed a partnership and set up Tune Air Sdn Bhd (Tune Air), an airline holding company then bought over AirAsia from government-owned conglomerate DRB-Hicom on December 2, 2001 which Air Asia was originally founded. AirAsia has been expanding rapidly since 2001 where Dato Tony Fernandes later

Sabrina Charatain Essay Free Essays

Supreme Court meets for the first time at the Merchants Exchange Building in New York City on February 2. The court, made up of one chief Justice and five associate Justices, hears its first case in 1792. The nation’s first census shows that the population has climbed to nearly 4 million. We will write a custom essay sample on Sabrina Charatain Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1791, first ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, are ratified on December 15. In 1793, Washington’s second Inauguration Is held in Philadelphia on March 4. Ell Whitney Invention of the cotton glen greatly Increases the demand for slave labor. In 1797, John Adams Is Inaugurated as the second president In Philadelphia on March 4. In 1800, the U. S. Capital Is moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. On June 15. U. S. Congress meets in Washington, DC, for the first time on November 17. Gabriel Prosper, an enslaved African American blacksmith, organizes a slave revolt intending to march on Richmond, Virginia. The conspiracy is uncovered, and Prosper and a number of the rebels are hanged. Virginians slave laws are consequently tightened. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson is inaugurated as the third president in Washington, DC on March 4. In 1803, Mammary v. Madison: Landmark Supreme Court decision greatly expands the power of the court by establishing its eight to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional on February 24. United States agrees to pay France $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, which extends west from the Millponds River to the Rocky Mountains and comprises about 830,000 square miles. However, the treaty was signed May 2. As a result, the U. S. Nearly doubles In size. In 1804, Lewis and Clark set out from SST. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to explore the West and find a route to the Pacific Ocean on May 14. Jefferson had his second inauguration on March 4. In 1 805, Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean on November 15. In 1809, James Madison is Inaugurated as the fourth president on March 4. The War of 1812 Is when U. S. Declares war on Britain over British interference with American maritime slipping and westward expansion on June 18, 1812. Madison later has his second Inauguration on March 4, 1813. British capture Washington, DC, and set fire to White House and Capitol in August 1814. Francis Scott Baltimore. Treaty of Ghent is signed, officially ending the war in December 24, 1814. In 1820, Missouri Compromise was an effort to maintain the balance between free and slave states, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) is admitted as a free state o that Missouri can be admitted as a slave state; except for Missouri, slavery is prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36030†² on March 3. How to cite Sabrina Charatain Essay, Essays

IS Zambia is developing in accordance with Dudley Seers free essay sample

This essay aims to define what development is and to answer the question on whether if Zambia is developing in accordance with Dudley Seers. This will be done in two phases by first defining what development means with the aid of various definitions and dimensions while the second phase to point out on whether Zambia is developing by referring to a reduction in poverty, a reduction in unemployment and a reduction in inequality as key points of reference. The term development is said to be complex due to the many different and sometimes contentious definitions. In some instances development can be said to be a social and economic process of change which leads to a desirable state or outcome which is beneficial to the people of a given society. It is also commonly understood as a complex, gradual, and continuous process that has both qualitative and quantitative aspects. Development must therefore be conceived as â€Å"a multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty† (Todaro and Smith, 2003:16). If further broken down it can be highlighted that social structures are patterned social arrangements in society that are determined and emerge from the actions of individuals, while popular attitudes are basically a settled way a mass population thinks or feels which is reflected in their behaviour and national institutions are structures that have a mechanism of social order which are governed by norms, rules of conduct and a general accepted way of doing things. Economic growth can be defined as a sustained increase and expansion in the production capacity of a given economy, while inequality refers to a situation in which individuals or individual groups do not have equal social class, social status and social circle and poverty though which has many definitions can be simply defined as a lack of essential items such as food, clothing, water and shelter. â€Å"The concept of development is neither new nor old. Development is a continuously changing and dynamic concept† (Sapru, 1994:4). This basically implies it has and continues to take different shapes and dimensions over a period of time. These dimensions may include social, economic, political, and administrative and so on. According to Colm and Geiger cited by Sapru(1994), â€Å"development means change plus growth†. All Colm and Geiger simply meant is that it’s only through economic growth that changes in society will be brought about. According to Amartya Sen cited by Todaro and Smith (2003), â€Å"development has to be more concerned with enhancing the lives we lead and the freedoms we enjoy†. In other words the purpose of development is to create an environment in which all people can expand their capabilities, and opportunities can be enlarged for both present and future generations which lead to a life of sustained freedoms. Furthermore Weidner and T. N. Chaturvedi are cited by Sapru (1994), respectively as development being a process of growth â€Å"in the direction of modernity and particularly in the direction of nation-building and socio-economic progress† and a process which stands for the â€Å"transformation of society†. Elaborating further on Weidner’s definition by growth â€Å"in the direction of modernity† it points out to technological advancements and implementing new policies that go hand in hand with the ever evolving world which lead to national building. Socio-economic progress refers to the social life and economic activity that complement each other in the process of development, meaning they both need each other in order to achieve the ultimate goal of development. Development can also be defined in three core values which are life sustenance, self-esteem and freedom of choice (Goulet, 1971). The World Development Report (1991:4), referred to development as â€Å"to improve the quality of life. Especially in the poor countries, a better quality of life generally calls for higher incomes, but involves much more. It encompasses, as ends in themselves, better education, higher standards of health and nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner environment, more equality of opportunity, greater individual freedom, and a richer cultural life. † â€Å"The overall goal of development is therefore to increase the economic, political and civil rights of all people across gender, ethnic groups, religions, races and countries† Since Development is a multidimensional process it has various aspects to it which would be referred to as dimensions. These dimensions include Political, Economic, Social, cultural and administrative development. In order for there to be meaningful and conceivable development, these aspects must come into play all at once and not at different paces. Meaning it would be needless to say a country is developing economically or socially when it has a poor administrative, political and cultural system. Political development can be described as the capacity of a political system to resolve or address fundamental problems in society in relation to the changing demands of the people. It can be broadly stated as the development of institutions, attitudes, and values that form the political power system of a society. Political development has key features which include popular participation, an emergence of a broad governing elite, an emergence of a capable state, an emergence of a meritocratic system, adherence to the rule of law and the separation of religion from the state. Popular participation is simply the public participation of the people in affairs of the nation. These may include good free and fair elections, periodic elections and a situation in which everyone can participate in political events freely. An emergence of a broad governing elite is a situation in which the government has different kinds of people from all walks of life being involved in the governing process of the nation. It excludes factors such as nepotism, tribalism or members of a particular class ‘usually the well to do’ as the only suitable people to run the countries affairs. An emergence of a capable state is basically being able to provide competent and good governance while the emergence of a meritocratic system can be defined as a system which only has people in it on the basis of their merit rather than by birth privilege. Adherence to the law conceptualises on a basic principle of no one being ‘above the law’. It also puts into consideration that if a nation has law abiding citizens there will be a decent approach towards development by the citizens of a particular nation without unrest or political upheaval. Separation of the state from religion is recognised as the church staying out the government’s affairs and the government staying out of the church’s affairs. Economic development is essentially an important component of development. Raising national income, reducing poverty and more equitable distribution of wealth and income are all essential components of economic development (Sapru, 1994). Economic development also implies a sustained increase in the production of goods and services, distribution of goods and services, and material consumption. It aims at the improvement of the lively hoods of people and broadly entails the fundamental structure changes that accompany such growth. The key features of economic development include a consistent consumption pattern on consumer goods, a combined participation of both the local and foreign people investors and a strong agricultural and industrious work ethic. The major determinants of economic growth are efficient resource location, investments and savings, improvements in science and technology with the accompaniment of increased skills and education Social development is a concept that usually focuses on organizing human energies and activities at higher levels to achieve greater results. It’s about improving peoples access to the basic necessities or social services such as access to health, education, safe drinking water, improvement in peoples wages, working conditions, good sanitation and so on. Cultural development is the unified process of integrating and involving the various cultures of a nation towards the common goal of development which requires an effortless cooperation at all levels. Administrative development associates itself with the planning, implementing of policies, programmes and focuses on nation building through socio-economic development. It follows a more practical approach by making the optimum use of talents and expertise available. The question on whether is Zambia developing can heed reference from the definition posed by Dudley Seers. According to Dudley Seers (1979), the concept of development is the full realisation of human potential through a reduction of inequality, unemployment and absolute poverty. If any one of these three keys values is missing then it cannot be referred to as development or development cannot necessarily be considered. The term inequality can be defined as a situation in which individuals or individual groups do not have equal social class, social status and social circle. There are various forms of social inequality, though those that are highly noticeable in Zambia include gender inequality, age inequality and income inequality. Gender inequality is the unequal empowerment and participation between men and women in both public and private life. â€Å"The emphasis on gender is borne out of the deepening division in the role assigned to male and female in all spheres of human endeavour, particularly in the economic, political and educational spheres. Women are less active compared to men in political activities and decision making process. † (en. wikipedia. org/.. /social_inequality). An example of gender inequality would be the noticeable fact that women in Zambia are largely under represented at most levels in government especially in ministerial and other executive bodies. Furthermore in the current societal set up of Zambia, the law requires marriage to be entered with the consent of both parties but it is however still reported that customary marriages continue to take place without the consent of the woman. On the other hand it must be commended that the government has taken steps in trying to ensure there is an equal enrolment of both genders in the educational system, however the gap normally widens when it gets to the level of secondary schools. However it must also be noted that if a third world country like Zambia wants to develop it requires a large labour force so as to produce a large number of goods and services. Unfortunately due to gender inequality the problem of discrimination comes in, in which women are excluded from certain jobs therefore there is a reduced labour force which leads to low levels of production and an increase in population due to the fact that women get to do nothing but stay home and bare children. Age Inequality is defined as â€Å"the unfair treatment in promotions, recruitment, or privileges because of the age of the person† (http://www. en. wikipedia. org/.. /social_inequality). In Zambia age inequality usually occurs in the form of age discrimination. Age Discrimination is â€Å"when an employer opts to employ a person based on their age rather than on qualification or experience. A person may be employed because they are young and energetic but without any qualification, while a highly qualified person maybe denied employment because they are old† (http://www. mywage. org/zambia/main/decent-work/age-discrimination). Ironically in Zambia top government posts are usually reserved for the much older in society while the ‘non-prestigious’ occupations are apparently left for the youth. This has the tendency to hinder development due to the lack of fresh ideas and policies at the top and it makes the youth of the day develop a negative attitude in which they begin to lack self-esteem and are unable to believe in their capabilities. According to Todaro and Smith (2003:205), Income Inequality is â€Å"the disproportionate distribution of total national income among households†. In other words it’s the unequal or uneven distribution of household or individual income across the population of any given economy. In Zambia income inequality can be seen on a daily basis in almost every place. It can be seen at schools, social gatherings, communities and so on. In the year 2004 â€Å"the mean monthly income for a Zambian household was K511. 377. The modal income group for the country ranged from K150, 001 to K300, 000, representing 26% of the population. Only one in every three households (35%) had mean monthly incomes that exceeded K 300, 000; implying that the majority of Zambian households, or approximately 65%, had incomes below the basic needs basket† (http//. www. zamstats. gov. zm/lcm. php). Further articulation on income inequality can be shown in Zambia’s Gini coefficient. A Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion and is a method that can be used to measure inequality. â€Å"The Gini coefficient for Zambia in 2006 was 0. 60, a decline from 0. 61 per cent in 1996. It was 0. 54 in the rural households and 0. 66 in urban households. This reveals that the income inequalities in 2006 were more pronounced in the urban areas than in the rural areas† (http://www. zambia-economist. com/2008/05/cso-on-income-inequality. html). This implies that in the Zambian societal step up there continues to be a gap in the unequal distribution of income. This in turn leads to the problems of crime and disorder which is a hindrance to development. Despite the various efforts of the government to cause a reduction in income inequality, the gap between the rich and poor in terms of income continues to be on the rise. Unemployment can be defined as situations in which individuals actively seek jobs but don’t get hired. It can also be said to be the state of being unemployed. In Zambia one of the main causes of unemployment is the frequent plummet of copper prices that has led to mines being closed and people being unemployed. Poverty also leads to unemployment due to the poor being unable to afford a proper education which in turn means they can’t afford to go to college and get good paying jobs. According to Turok (1979), â€Å"the growth of the modern sector has not created enough jobs to meet the demand of those who have left the traditional sector. In fact, the expansion of the modern sector has not been accompanied by similar growth in employment. The result of this phenomenon has been the emergence of explosive urban population growth accompanied by wide spread open unemployment and the growth of the informal sector with disguised unemployment†. In Zambia it is estimated that 50% of the workforce is unemployed meaning that close to half the population is not in employment, in which most of the people in the population are dependent on the formal sector for employment while very few divert towards the direction of informal employment, However the government must be commended for encouraging the diversification into informal employment to create opportunities where non are existent, though it seems this plea may have fallen on deaf ears as most people continue to be dependent on formal employment. In the year 2006 â€Å"the proportion of the unemployed among persons aged 12 years and above for the nation was 14%. Looking at sex differentials at national level, 13% of the males and 15% of the females were unemployed. Urban areas recorded higher unemployment rates (32%) than rural areas (5%)† (http//. www. zamstats. gov. zm/lcm. php). The effects of employment in Zambia can be seen various forms such as loss of human resources, increase in poverty, social problems exploitation of labour and political instability. In terms of loss in human resources, Labourers in Zambia tend to waste their maximum time in the search of employment which is a waste of human resource while an increase in poverty results from unemployment due to the fact that if there is no source of income a person or a family tend to grow poor. Unemployment tends to cause social problems such as crime, corruption, bribery, dishonesty and so on. In the state of unemployment there tends to be exploitation of labour due to employers knowing their labourers will do almost anything to stay in employment even if it means being paid low wages and working in poor and unethical conditions. Unemployment usually births political instability due to the unfortunate fact that an unemployed person tends to heed negative attitudes and lose faith in democratic values because they tend to feel the government is worthless and has failed them. Therefore it can be clearly seen that unemployment has a huge negative effect on development of Zambia though it must be understood that most of the individuals in the Zambian Population tend to see employment as either a ‘white collar’ job or a ‘6 to 6’ job neglecting the aspect or dimension of self-employment which needless to say the government has been encouraging the mass populace to undertake in place of eagerly coveted formal employment. Poverty is a multi-dimensional notion and as such cannot be easily defined. It exists where development has not taken place yet. Two dimensions of poverty are distinguished as income poverty and human poverty. Income poverty refers to a person as being poor when his or her income is lower than the poverty line. Human poverty refers to more than just income and focuses on poverty as the denial of choices and opportunities for living a tolerable life (UNDP: 1997). According to De Beer (2001:2), â€Å"Two broadly defined forms of poverty can be distinguished: case poverty and community poverty. The first kind is found in more affluent societies where the individual or an individual family suffers poverty; their poverty is very visible compared to the living conditions of the individuals and families in the surrounding area. Case poverty occurs where certain individuals or families do not share in the general well-being of society†. â€Å"Poverty can also be classified according to the level of disadvantage experienced: namely absolute and relative poverty† (Ibid). Relative poverty can referred to as having a minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living or relative impoverishment while absolute poverty means absolute impoverishment or completely poor. According to the Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection (2007), 63. 8% of Zambians live below the poverty line of US$1 per day, 87. 2 % live below the poverty line of US$ 2 per day and 46% are malnourished. These statistics place Zambia in the category of highly impoverished countries and requires major interventions for development to take place. According to Chigunta, et al. (1998) the main causes of poverty in Zambia are namely Internal factors, external factors and the impact of the structural adjustment programme. Internal factors equate to inappropriate domestic policies that have been largely characterised by state take-overs of private businesses and heavy state involvement in the economy which has led to discouragement of investment in the private sector, which leads to low levels of employment and income growth in rural areas. External factors are mainly related to Zambia’s trade situation in which it has heavily relied on the exportation of copper as its main chief export. When copper prices plummet it affects development in the sense that government fails to have enough revenue to invest in the economy and provide the essential social services needed. The structural adjustment programme came about due to the deepening economic crisis that affected the nation. The structural adjustment programme aims at restructuring the economy in order to restore growth through programmes such as cuts in public expenditure, reducing the number of civil servants in the civil service, devaluing the local currency and so on. The unfortunate side to the structural adjustment programme is that it has resulted in the majority of people both in the rural and urban areas with inadequate incomes to meet the basic needs of life. In Zambia the effects of poverty can be seen throughout on a daily basis. These effects include an increased rate of homeless people, a high infant mortality rate and a high death rate. Examples of such cases would be hygiene, diet and sexually related diseases such as Cholera, Dysentery, Malnutrition and AIDS. According to the Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection (2007), Life expectancy at birth is 37. 4%, under-5 mortality is 182 children of every 1000 live births and maternal mortality rate is 730 of every 100,000 live births. The national HIV prevalence rate is 16. 5% among 15-49 age groups but between 20-30% in urban areas. An increased crime rate can also be noted, since people turn desperate to survive in the face of poverty. Among other effects of poverty can be the mass emigration of population and ‘brain drain’. Mass emigration of population simply implies people migrating to areas where there is a better-faring economy leading to the uneven development of a nation. In Zambia this common with it being noted that only areas along the line of rail are developed while other areas lack desirable standards of development. ‘Brain Drain’ refers to the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country to another. This is another common unfortunate effect Zambia has been facing. This means that while almost all the highly trained professionals leave for other countries the nation is left with a reduced labour force, mediocre or poorly trained professionals, which then leads to average performances in the various sectors of the economy hence development occurs at a slow pace or doesn’t occur at all. In Conclusion, it can be established that development has no universally agreed or accepted definition but it is realised that it’s a dynamic concept which has various meanings and dimensions. These dimensions can’t be viewed individually but all share an integrated role in the continuous process of development. In terms on whether Zambia is developing it can be noted that despite the recent celebrated economic growth and government’s tireless and countless efforts on the reduction of inequality, unemployment and absolute poverty, there continues to be a rise in the unemployment rate, cases of inequality on all levels continue to be seen and heard of and poverty continues to dwell among us and affect us negatively. Therefore a conclusion can be drawn that Zambia is yet to see any reasonable signs of it to be considered developing.

Music Appreciation Notes free essay sample

Mozart music, Like Heydays, stands as an archetype of the Classical style. At the time he began composing, European music was dominated by the style gallant, a reaction against the highly evolved intricacy of the Baroque. Progressively, and in large part at the hands of Mozart himself, the contrapuntal complexities of the late Baroque emerged once more, moderated and disciplined by new forms, and adapted to a new aesthetic and social milieu.Mozart was a versatile composer, and wrote in every major genre, including symphony, opera, the solo concerto, chamber music including tiring quartet and string quintet, and the piano sonata. These forms were not new, but Mozart advanced their technical sophistication and emotional reach, He almost single-handedly developed and popularized the Classical piano concerto. He wrote a great deal of religious music, including large-scale masses, as well as dances, divertimento, serenades, and other forms of light entertainment.The central traits of the Classical style are all present In Mozart music. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Appreciation Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Clarity, balance, and transparency are the hallmarks of his work, but simplistic notions of Its delicacy mask he exceptional power of his finest masterpieces, such as the Piano Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K. 491; the Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550; and the opera Don Giovanni. Charles Rosen makes the point forcefully: It Is only through recognizing the violence and sensuality at the center of Mozart work that we can make a start towards a comprehension of his structures and an insight into his magnificence.In a paradoxical way, Schumann superficial characterization of the G minor Symphony can help us to see Mozart daemon more steadily. In all of Mozart supreme expressions of suffering and terror. Here Is something shockingly voluptuous Especially during his last decade, Mozart exploited chromatic harmony to a degree rare at the time, with remarkable assurance and to great artistic effect. Mozart always had a gift for absorbing and adapting valuable features of others music. His travels helped In the forging of a unique compositional language. In London as a child, he met J.C. Bach and heard his music. In Paris, Anaheim, and Vienna he met with other compositional influences, as well as the avian-garden capabilities of the Anaheim orchestra. In Italy he encountered the Italian overture and opera buffo, tot of which deeply affected the evolution of his own practice. In London and Italy, the gallant style was in the ascendant: simple, light music with a mania for cadetting: an emphasis on tonic, dominant, and subdivision to the exclusion of other harmonies; symmetrical phrases; and clearly articulated partitions in the overall form of movements.Some of Mozart early symphonies are Italian overtures, with three movements running Into each other: many are homophony (all three movements having the same key signature, with the slow middle movement being in the relative minor). Others mimic the works of J. C. Bach, and others show the simple rounded binary forms turned out by Viennese composers. As Mozart matured, he progressively Incorporated more features adapted from the Baroque. For example, the Symphony No. 9 in A major K. 201 has a contrapuntal main theme in its first movement, and experimentation with irregular phrase lengths. Some of his quartets such finales in his recently published Opus 20 set. The influence of the Strum undo Drank (Storm and Stress) period in music, with its brief foreshadowing of the Romantic era, is evident in the music of both composers at that time. Mozart Symphony No. 25 in G minor K. 183 is another excellent example. Mozart would sometimes switch his focus between operas and instrumental music. He produced operas in each of the prevailing styles: opera buffo, such as The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Coos fan tutee; opera serial, such as Demimonde; and Single, of Inch Die Jabberer ¶tee is the most famous example by any composer. In his later operas he employed subtle changes in instrumentation, orchestral texture, and tone color, for emotional depth and to mark dramatic shifts.Here his advances in opera ND instrumental composing interacted: his increasingly sophisticated use of the orchestra in the symphonies and concertos influenced his operatic orchestration, and his developing subtlety in using the orchestra to psychological effect in his operas Nas in turn reflected in his later non-operatic compositions. Influence Mozart most famous pupil, whom the Mozart took into their Vienna home for two {ears as a child, was probably Johann Envenom Hummel, a transitional figure between Classica l and Romantic eras. [88] More important is the influence Mozart had on composers of later generations.Ever since the surge in his reputation after his death, studying his scores has been a standard part of the training of classical musicians. Ludwig van Beethoven, Mozart Junior by fifteen years, was deeply influenced by his work, with which he was acquainted as a teenager. He is thought to have performed Mozart operas while playing in the court orchestra at Bonn, and he traveled to Vienna in 1787 hoping to study with the older composer. Some of dovecotes works have direct models in comparable works by Mozart, and he wrote cadenzas (WOO 58) to Mozart D minor piano concerto K. 466. For further details see Mozart and Beethoven.

Night Essays - Satmar, Holocaust Literature, Night, Siget

Night Essays - Satmar, Holocaust Literature, Night, Siget Night In the book Night by Elie Wiesel, it talks about the holocaust and what it was like being in it. The Germans were trying to make the German race the supreme race. To do this they were going to kill off everyone that wasn?t a German. If you were Jewish or something other than German, you would have been sent to a concentration camp and segregated by men and women. If you weren?t strong enough you were sent to the crematory to be cremated. If you were strong enough you were sent to work at a labor camp. With all the warnings the Jewish people had numerous chances to run from the Germans, but most ignored the warnings. The numerous chances the people of Sighet had to leave was significant that if they would have just left, none of this would have happened to them. One of the first warnings they had was when Moshe the Beadle came back from escaping the train. He was telling his story to everyone that would listen. The story was about how they made "the Jews get of the train and climb into lorries." (page 4) He also talked about how they murdered people for no reason at all. But most of the people in Sighet just ignored Moshe and thought he was making everything up. The second warning was that the people of Sighet ignored was on the radio. The first radio announcement said "the Fascist party had come into power. Horthy had been forced to ask one of the leaders of the Nyilae party to form a new government." (Page 6) The next day there was another radio announcement that said "German troops had entered Hungarian territory." (Page 7) this made everyone a little bit scared for a few days but not for long. Optimism was soon revived. The people were saying that the Germans wouldn?t get to there city. When the Germans arrived in Sighet the people didn?t realize what was going to happen, they just thought that they were in Sighet for something else. They thought of the Germans as nice people that wouldn?t hurt them. Later after the Germans had been there for a while, the Germans sent all the Jews to ghettos. The ghettos were surrounded by barbed wire but the people did not fear anything. As you can see these warnings were pretty big. It is a wonder as to why no one believed any of this was going to happen to them. Through all of this the Jews were sent to concentration camps, many were killed, few survived.

An In-depth Analysis on the Influence of Open Source System Essay - 1

An In-depth Analysis on the Influence of Open Source System Penetration Tools on Cyber-crime - Essay Example These attacks could pinpoint the vulnerable areas, and could also aid in mitigating them. Organisations from various sectors are incorporating solutions these tools to develop foolproof protection system. Many reputable industry standards are also prescribing penetration testing as one of the key security exercise. Still, there is scepticism regarding genuineness of this process, as there are chances of agencies or individual testers turning negative and compromising organisations’ critical assets. To prevent such eventualities, there are adequate legal provisions; in addition organisations and security consultants need to come up with protocols or steps, which ensure secure and safe testing. Any organisation, irrespective of the ‘domains’ they are placed in, will be vulnerable to cyber attacks, especially the ones which are maximally dependent on Information technology. These organisations will be threatened by individuals with apt technical knowledge and other inside information. Their intentions may vary from wrecking the organisation to stealing critical assets. When this type of cyber crime occurs, the organisation could suffer heavy financial losses and more than that could have doubtful future, as its key assets will be compromised aiding its competitors. Disgruntled employees or employees with ‘spying role’ could wreck the organisation by altering or breaking down the IT infrastructure, and also by bringing in IT tools from outside to disable it. Apart from those employees, external ‘elements’ in the form of hackers, cyber thieves, competitors’ aids, etc, could intrude or cyber attack the organisation. To actualize a foolproof protection system, organisations has to find out the loopholes or the vulnerable areas in its IT infrastructure. Because, once the weak points are identified, organisations will become

Truth and Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Truth and Context - Essay Example When context is all there is no validity for truth. The credibility of the concept of truth is in the acceptance of something that the popular belief teaches as existing. If everything in the world is subject to context, it would mean that there is no thing that may be termed "truth". The concept is philosophically weak, in spite of the long efforts to define and comprehend what "truth" really means. As Bacon in his 'Of Truth' tells, 'What is truth Said jesting Pilate, and would not stay for an answer." (Essays of Francis Bacon). The understanding of truth in relation to context is, therefore, essential especially in the modern world, where "lack of trust mirrors the absence of truth in public life." (Lee 1997). It is of great significance to comprehend what context and truth mean and their relation to one another. There are many definitions for the term "context" and according to the Dictionary of Terms, context "includes the political, social, historical, psychological, institutional, and aesthetic factors that shape the way we understand the performance event." (Dictionary of Terms. 2006). Another definition reads "The circumstances relevant to something under consideration." (CERN Engineering Data Management Service. 2001). There are many such varying definitions all of which means truth in a given circumstances. Context does not give truth in the wider sense of the word. Is it true that context determines and narrows down the scope of truth The various construal of the term truth, an opened ended word, gives the notion that if "context is all" truth is almost impossible. Chris Richards finds that the definition of truth is various and he is interested in the definitions "conformity with fact or reality" and "an obvious or accepted fact". As he points out, the former definition, as in the Correspondence theory, "ties truth with relationship between thoughts and words in one part, and things and objects in the other." (Richards 2007). He also makes clear, as the Constructive Theory teaches that truth is created by social progress. The latter definition seems to be more correct as it gives the notion that truth is understood in the context. We understand the concept truth when there is a mass recognition of the fact. Sociological interpretation of the concept also confirms the Consensus Theory that truth is a matter of conformity. Truth when deemed false is not regarded as true. In the modern life also truth, many a time, goes unrecognised when people around us do not understand the fact in context. Truth, most of the times, is made by the public acceptance, leaving the concept to the discretion of people. Truth is context-bound and relative in nature. Let us not forget that "a bare assertion is not necessarily the naked truth." (Prentice 2007). Therefore, a contextualized view of truth is not completely acceptable. Having said that, one cannot ignore the possibility of this narrow understanding of truth, especially in a modern materialistic world. People understand truth in many possible ways. The popular understanding of truth is relative and only relative truth exists in this modern world. Here, we find not truth but truths. The

Geographical Scales in Human Geography

Geographical Scales in Human Geography Identifying and analyzing varying geographical scales is paramount to the study of human geography. At the heart of the matter lies the assumption that human processes do not occur in isolation from one another but in fact directly impact on the whole. Therefore, issues and events that occur on one scale, for example at the rural level, impact and are impacted upon by events taking place at the urban, national and even global levels. It is essential therefore that the entire process be viewed as one unified developmental progression and not as single phenomena with independent repercussions. Such is the ultimate concern of this work. What follows below is analyses how of different scales of geographical study impact upon one another and therefore shape the manner in which we conceptualize human processes as a whole. The scales in question will be confined to four areas of geographical analysis: rural; social; political and consumption. It is by using such defined criteria that we abl e to better comprehend how human society functions. This above all is the primary benefit in employing such analytical techniques because in doing so we are able to encapsulate the whole; as apposed to merely assessing individual factors without understanding their wider context and implications. Let us begin by looking at rural aspects in Britain. In terms of numbers, the rural population accounts for far less than their urban counterparts. The general movement of people from the countryside to the towns that was indicative of the period following the industrial revolution continued well into the latter twentieth century, and although in recent years there have been suggestions that it is reversing; urban dwellers still make up the vast bulk of the national population. Given this, it would be natural to assume that rural Britain would be of lesser interest to the study of human geography. Indeed, there was a time when urban studies enjoyed a relative preponderance in this regard, however in recent years the countryside has again returned as an exiting point of analysis. This is mainly due to the fact that rural areas have become the focus of broader geographical study and cultural developments. Cloke offers us three reasons to explain this progression. Firstly, the study of countryside landscapes provides us with a demonstration of power relations in addition to being â€Å"subjects of desire† and conservation.[1] Secondly, the countryside is perfect for the study of how nature and space interact. Also, the manner in which human and non human forces exist and co exist can be examined in rural settings. Finally, the countryside can conceal the presence of â€Å"hidden others†. As Cloke explains; â€Å"issues of gender, sexuality, poverty and alternative lifestyles are important in this context†.[2] Furthermore, rural matters and concerns impact upon other geographical scales. A pertinent example of this was seen during the Countryside Alliance Liberty and Livelihood March in London when 400,000 protesters descended on the capital to voice their frustration at the â€Å"encroachment of urban bureaucracy† into their lives.[3] The march was primarily concerned with government plans to ban fox hunting, however its wider connotations show the extent to which scales of analysis directly impact upon one another and as such, broaden our understanding. The arena of politics, due to its very nature never acts in isolation. Political processes affect every form of human organization and therefore they are vital to our present discussion. There is little need to spend time assessing the impact of traditional politics; as this is largely obvious. Therefore, I will look at the issue of nationalism as a reference point for assessing one political impact in detail. Nationalism is essentially the feeling of association and identification that a particular group of people feel to a particular nation. However, what is a nation? If we look at it one way we can say that a nation or country is nothing more than a geographical portion of land that a collection of people have taken a liking to. Now it is at this point that the issue of nationalism becomes pertinent to the human geographer. As Pyrs Gruffudd has asserted, it is territorial ideology that drives nationalism and therefore, this â€Å"leads on to a whole raft of cultural relationships through which a people make a land their land.[4] Nation building is a process that usually takes centuries to complete however it is nonetheless always formed on a geographical identify. Nationalists of course conclude that they have a whole plethora of things in common that make them distinct from other nationalities. However, it is their geography that sets them apart more than anything else. Furthermore, h istorical undertones are invariably used to bolster nationalist sentiment; Adolf Hitler and Winston Churchill are classic examples. However, it is geographical underpinnings that form the foundation of this historical conception. A nation’s history is inextricably linked to its geographical space, which remains constant throughout the ages and therefore forms the basis upon which everything else ultimately rests.[5] Social geographers play a vital role in our process of conceptualizing human behavior. Above all, human behavior and the societal forces that dictate it form a large part of our identity and therefore go a long way to explaining human outcomes and events. It has been the case for many years now that the study of social geography has overlapped with; some argue even supplanted traditional sociology. Little time will be invested on such discussions here, but many social aspects of geographical study are strikingly similar to the issues pertinent to the sociologist. Social geography focuses its attention primarily on â€Å"social relations, groups and inequalities†.[6] The link with traditional geography is made by assessing social events and developments with reference to geographical phenomena. For example, one may examine how the social forces of a particular area have impacted upon its geographical nature. Also, the social geographer is concerned with examining how social constructs operate through geographical contours. Social geography does not offer the kind of in-depth societal analysis that we would find emanating from the sociologist or the anthropologist. However, this branch of geographical discipline is pivotal because instead offering detailed explanations of current social forces it suggests how these forces initially came about. As a paradoxical consequence of this it is then possible to trace social development and evolution, and account for modern phenomena and characteristics. As with all geographical disciplines, socia l geography is reliant on space for its analysis, however, it is also the study of place that determines much of the understanding here. The environment in which we live often dictates the outlook we will adopt and also has huge ramifications on our life options and choices. Furthermore, in addition to the impact on the individual there are also consequences for social formation and progression in general. Geography can have an enormous impact on local communities, particularly with the manner in which they develop cohesion and communal outlook. Who we are is therefore determined in many ways by where we are. Thus, the connotations that social geography has for other geographical areas and wider academic disciplines is considerable. In fact, as social foundations form the basis on which human existence essentially rests, we can conclude that the study of social geography, with its emphasis on the social implications of geographical factors is of paramount importance. The final area to which I will offer explanation is geographical consumption. At first sight consumption may appear a boring and relatively unimportant topic of discussion. However, this is most certainly not the case as issues pertaining to consumption have many times impacted on a massive scale. For example, it is not uncommon to find references to consumption and desire in analyses focused on the Cold War. In fact, some commentators have suggested that increased desire to consume on the part of many in the Eastern block played a considerable role in communisms demise. Consumption is therefore one of the ways that human geography crosses the boundaries of academia by infiltrating not only (in the above example) politics; but also economics. Nonetheless, the concentration on consumption is a relatively new addition to geographical study as previously; it was left to other academic areas to assess the impact of this most pertinent of issues. However, it is largely due to the importance of consumption in our every day lives that the subject has become a valid object of analysis for the human geographer. Furthermore, the extent to which consumption has impacted upon geography is also considerable and again has increased in recent years. A useful example that can amplify this development is to be found in the countryside. Traditionally, rural areas were considered to be bastions of production and not consumption. In the years before industrialization and large scale shipping altered food production and dispersal beyond all recognition, the countryside was a vital part of every nation’s survival. However, with the onset of global markets and multiple exports, the British countryside no longer acts as the nation’ s primary larder. As such, it is consumption that has filled the economic gap. The same of course can be said of Britain’s urban areas; once the home of the world most powerful productive machine. Since the onset of manufacturing demise in the mid to late twentieth century the factory and the mill have been replaced with the shopping centre and retail park. In addition, consumption contains a social facet. The cloths we wear and the car we drive all play a part in fostering our identity and as such, our social being. Therefore, the study of consumption provides the geographer with valued insight into human processes and also links together with other aspects of human study. In conclusion, it is clear how the above issues not only direct the study of human processes and events; but also impact upon one another. In doing so they form a whole that when conceptualized as such; can offer us a detailed and wide ranging assessment of how human beings order and organize their lives. Bibliography Cloke, Paul et al (Ed). Introducing Human Geographies. London: Arnold, 1999, Daniels, Peter. Human Geograhpy: Issues in the Twentieth Century. London: Pearson, 2001. Duncun, John and Agnew, John. The Power of Place: Bringing together geograhical and sociological imaginations. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. Footnotes [1] P. Cloke, The country, in Cloke et al (Ed), Introducing Human Geographies, London: Arnold, 1999, 257. [2] Ibid. [3] Ibid, 256. [4] P. Gruffudd, Nationalism, in Cloke et al (Ed), Introducing Human Geographies, London: Arnold, 1999, 201. [5] Ibid. [6] P. Cloke et al, Introducing Human Geographies, London: Arnold, 1999, 207.

A brief history of diving Essay

For those who can swim, diving in the sense of scuba diving or deep sea diving is certainly one of the most enjoyable pastimes a person can have. Like anything else, it has its pleasures and its risks, but the allure of the sea is certainly a major part in the life of any avid diver. Still, diving has its risks and perhaps in some sense those risks are greater than in other endeavors. The allure of the sea and the desire to enjoy it as freely as a fish is irresistible to many. Our fascination with the oceans may have made diving popular in the 19th century, but if so, it was certainly made more popular by the introduction of scuba equipment in the middle of the 20th century. Despite the relatively recent development of deep sea diving apparatus and of scuba diving, men and women have been diving for centuries. Often diving is for pleasure, but at other times it is just another basic survival skill to gather food, hunt for sponges (Hong et al. , 1991) or engage in military endeavors or otherwise. Until the invention of diving equipment, man was unable to go underwater and remain submerged for any extended period of time. His stay under water was limited by his ability to hold his breath so the problem was how to extend the amount of time underwater and, of course, the obvious solution was to find a means to provide an air supply to a submerged person. In August of last year (2006) while testing the Navy’s new Atmospheric Diving System (ADS) suit off the coast of La Jolla CA, a village of San Diego, Daniel Jackson, a Naval Reserve Diver, made the deepest free dive in history, a total of 2,000 feet. (Guinness, 2006) Perhaps it is because of the allure of the sea, but long before Jackson, men and women practiced breath-holding. Diving has many useful purposes such as gathering and providing food, military, recreational, research and others so these factors have no doubt added to the allure of diving. Despite the relatively new advent of scuba equipment and deep sea diving equipment, diving has been around for a long time. Of course, it is necessary to hold one’s breath in order to go to any great depth and people have been using breath-holding techniques for diving for centuries. In ancient Greece, divers held their breath to search for sponges as some people do today, and throughout history some had done likewise in the process of military exploits. For those who wanted to stay underwater longer, the obvious question was how to do so? One solution was to breathe through hollow reeds while submerged. While this technique worked, there were limitations that prohibited it from being a valuable solution. Reeds longer than two feet long do not work well. Today we realize that it is difficult to inhale against water pressure below a certain depth. Another idea was to put air into a bag that could be used underwater, but that also presented problems, most significantly the fact that it caused divers to breathe in the carbon dioxide that had been exhaled. Although Aristotle wrote about a diving bell in the 4th century BC, all diving was probably done by holding the breath up until the 16th century. (Brylske, 1994; Somers, 1997) Whatever diving was done probably did not exceed depths of 100 feet if that much. The diving bell was the predominant diving apparatus during the 22 centuries from the 4th century BC until the around 1800. Using this stationary device, divers could get air from the bell and leave to do whatever they were doing underwater returning to the bell periodically for more air. This allowed divers to remain underwater until air in the bell was no longer breathable. By the 16th century, people began experimenting with diving bells. (Somers, 1997) These were actually bell shaped contraptions open at the bottom that were held a few feet from the surface. The diver could enter from the bottom which was open to water and the top part held compressed air, air that had been compressed by the water pressure. Early designs of the diving bell were refined in the late 1600s and became sizable and sophisticated by 1691 when Edmund Halley patented a ventilated diving bell that allowed divers to remain underwater for as much as an hour and a half. (Gilliam and von Maier, 1992) Even though electricity was not available for electric pumps at that time, manual pumps were used that could pump air from the surface down to divers as early as the 16th century in Europe. However, at greater depths, water pressure became a concern, so metal helmets and leather full diving suits were developed and used to protect divers who went below 60 feet. This diving equipment was continuously perfected up to the 19th and 20th centuries. By the 1830s, diving techniques that relied on air pumped to divers from the surface had been sufficiently well developed as to allow divers to work underwater for extended periods of time. Although these early techniques worked, they didn’t entirely compensate for some diving concerns. Eventually, the improved technology of the 19th century resulted in compressed air pumps, regulators, carbon dioxide scrubbers and other improvements that allowed divers to remain underwater for longer and longer periods of time. As diving techniques improved, it became more apparent that there were at least two concerns in diving to depth. One, of course, was the need for an air supply that would eliminate the need to hold one’s breath. The other problem was the need to compensate for depth. (Brylske, 1994; Somers, 1997) In 1905 Scotland’s John Scott Haldane reported the fundamental discovery that breathing is regulated by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and in the brain. Haldane developed a method of decompression in stages that allowed deep-sea divers to ascend to the surface safely, information used for today’s decompression charts. His work and that of the French physiologist Paul Bert increased our understanding of the physiological effects of air-pressure sufficiently to improve out knowledge of the hazards of diving to depth and how to overcome those hazards. Our understanding of the effects and safe limits of using compressed air for diving is due largely to the work of Haldane and Bert. (Gilliam and von Maier, 1992) Today, we realize that decompression, recompression, carbon dioxide and oxygen toxicity are important factors to consider in diving. Diving history can essentially be divided into four periods. Initially, there was the period of free diving when humans held their breath. Diving time and diving capacity were limited by the availability of air, the build-up of carbon dioxide and the effects at depth of pressure on the body. (Gilliam and von Maier, 1992) Later advances in diving during the second period of diving history led to the creation of heavy walled diving vessels which could maintain their internal atmosphere to that of sea level (1 atmosphere) so as to prevent the surrounding water pressure from being a hazard to the occupants. Diving bells and bathysphere are two such devices. Bathyspheres are essentially unpowered hollow steel balls that can be lowered from a mother ship by a steel cable. A bathyscaphe is a is bathysphere with a buoyancy control that eliminates the need for a cable. Then there is the submarine, a powered device with its own air supply and which is built so that it can handle all of the problems associated with depth and so it can travel great distances in any direction under its own power. Bathyspheres, bathyscaphes and submarines required a means to maintain the pressure at one atmosphere around the diver and a means to provide fresh oxygen while getting rid of exhaled carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide was eliminated by using soda lime, lithium hydroxide and other compounds that take up the carbon dioxide. Later during this period, one atmosphere diving suits were also developed that were flexible and yet able to withstand pressures at great death so as to allow divers to work at depths up to several hundred meters for hours. (Somers, 1997) Diving entered a period of using compressed air next. The air could be supplied from the surface and delivered to the diver at depth. The hand-operated air compressor was a major advancement in diving history. It had appeared by 1770 and allowed for the development of helmet-hose diving systems that were the predominant diving techniques from 1800 until the mid-1950s. Unlike then final period, during this period of diving the diver is separated from his/her air supply, but has air delivered through a long umbilical cord to a regulator and mouthpiece carried by the diver. At great depth, the diver can be enclosed in a dive suit that can handle the water pressure at depth. These suits can be cumbersome but the buoyancy of the water can relieve some of their burden. Although diving masks with a regulator, mouthpiece and hose may come to mind when one considers these devices, caissons are also included in this category. Caissons are huge spaces that are supplied with compressed air. Diving bells and rigid helmet diving suits are also grouped in this category. The air that the diver breathes is at the same pressure as that of the water surrounding the diver thus leaving him at risk for decompression concerns such as the bends, air embolism, etc. pon their ascent if they ascend too fast. To assist with this concern, special mixtures of gas are used that allow divers to dive deeper than with compressed air. These gas mixtures combine oxygen with another gas or gases such as hydrogen, helium and/or nitrogen. (Somers, 1997; Gilliam and von Maier, 1992) The most recent development in diving is diving with compressed air or gas mixtures that include oxygen carried by the diver. This is referred to by the acronym â€Å"S. C. U. B. A. † which is generally referred to as scuba diving. Scuba stands for self contained underwater breathing apparatus and refers to the fact that the diver carries his or her air supply on their back while diving. Although we may view scuba gear to be a recent development in diving technology, the development of scuba gear can be traced back to 1680 when Borelli, who also experimented with fins and buoyancy compensation, developed a device based on the theory that the hot air a diver exhales could be rejuvenated by cooling and condensing in. (Somers, 1997) Although Borelli’s gear failed, it still represents a step forward in diving theory and technology. By the first third of the nineteenth century, Condert published a scuba design using a helmet and a compressed air reservoir that fit around the diver’s waist. In 1865, Rouquayrol developed a surface-supplied regulator system that did ultimately have an effect on today’s scuba gear. By 1878, Fleuss and Davis developed a closed-circuit oxygen scuba device that used chemical carbon dioxide as absorbent. (Gilliam and von Maier, 1992; Somers, 1997) The scuba equipment commonly used today was developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Somers, 1997; Cousteau, 1986; Marx, 1990) The two principle types of scuba equipment are open circuit and closed circuit equipment. Open circuit equipment vents the expired air into the water while closed circuit systems all the carbon dioxide to be absorbed and add more oxygen so that the air can be re-used. Scuba divers are at risk for decompression problems if they ascend too fast and various gas mixtures allow scuba divers to go d eeper than with compressed air. Scuba diving has a number of advantages over other forms of diving. The tanks allow the diver to remain underwater longer than would be possible by simply holding one’s breath. Even though scuba allows divers to go deeper than with snorkeling and allows them more freedom than would be possible using compressed air from the surface, its major disadvantage is that the time spent underwater is limited by the amount of compressed air in the tanks. Since time is of essence and all muscle activity decreases the amount of time that oxygen will be available, scuba divers can increase the amount of time they will have underwater with scuba gear if they exert less energy while diving. Although most divers swim underwater while diving, they can resort to propulsion devices referred to as Diver Propulsion Vehicles (DPVs) commonly called â€Å"scooters† to move underwater. The term SCUBA originally referred to rebreathers used by the military for underwater warfare but today it generally refers to open-circuit equipment. However, rebreathers are also classified as scuba gear. The history of diving is certainly to complex and exciting to cover in these few pages, but what few comments have been presented do demonstrate how rich that history is and how far it extends back in time. Only by considering how far back into history diving extends and the advances diving has made with the passage of time will we truly realize the fascination diving has held for us through time. Perhaps the next great advance in diving will not be man growing gills, but whatever it will be will only add to the present fascination and allure of diving. We can only build on the future of diving by understanding how we arrived at our present level of knowledge and technology.

Effective Management of the Logistics Essay

The concept of globalization has gripped the world of today. The constant evolution of the world around us has changed everything from our life styles to country politics. It has also changed the way businesses have operated traditionally. Today, the success of any business is more dependent on the use of elements which have emerged as a result of globalization. Like globalization has affected all, it also has changed many important concepts and theories in a way. For businesses, it has always remained a remained as to how to reach the prospective and existing customers for providing any services. This branch of management sciences is called logistics. The concept of logistics evolved in the 1950’s. It came into realization due to the increasing complexity with which material and supplies were being transported to the company and from the company to the customers. Logistics is defined as the most effective way to transport the product to the customer as fast as possible with high quality. The quality of the product, services given to the customers, availability of the product, lowest time advantages and a low cost of distribution altogether define logistics. If the firm uses its strategies and the capabilities of logistics effectively and efficiently then it can gain a competitive edge over other companies of the industry. Capabilities here are defined as a set of knowledge, skills, attitudes and attributes a company possesses which helps them to achieve a high quality and superior performance and to sustain the competitive advantage they enjoy over their competitors (Hoover 2001). These capabilities are essential for the company to adopt as they can prove beneficial. One of the key factors which constitute a part of logistics capabilities is effective management. Management is the art of managing everything so as to acquire desirable results. Management in the case of customers is also very important. Delivering them the right things in the right quantity and quality at the right time through low cost qualifies for effective management in logistics. If the firm manages the components of the logistics mix efficiently then the firm can sustain its edge in the long run. They also help to increase the value of the company as well as the customers. With the increasing globalization, the components of the logistics mix have evolved to a standard of five factors. These elements include unitization, transportation, storage facilities, packaging and communications. A correct combination of these components can help the company achieve its goals and objectives. Unitization here refers to breaking down the products into small units also called pellets that can be transported to the clients. Transportation involves the facilities, vehicles, freight charges and other costs in delivering the right product to its end users. Packaging is one of the four factors of marketing. Packaging is the most important component of the mix. It involves packing the products and supplies in a way that does not cause any damage. Protective packaging is important to ensure that the products remain intact. Storage facilities are the places or areas in which the products are stored for the time being. This case generally happens when the company has a lot of inventory. Products are kept in storage rooms or basements until the time they are delivered to the customers by whatever means. The last but not the least and the most important factor in the mix is that of communication. Communication is the delivery of messages from the suppliers to the buyers and vice versa. It is of utmost importance that the company has advanced means of communication which are in alignment with the latest technology. This will provide a faster method of keeping track of the client’s orders, suggestions, feedback and complaints. The management of logistics is applied to every industry around especially those which provide services. Almost all the companies whose core business is that of services have a department of logistics. People who specialize in this area are known as logisticians. One of the flourishing industries in the world today is that of hospitality. It basically involves the food chains, fast food joints, restaurants and hotels. Hotels are an important part of the hospitality industry. Hotels generate a lot of profits and in any country is a major source of boosting the economy. If the country is a tourist site then the main funding of the economy comes from the money generated by these hotels. The hotels are organized in a way that departments are interdependent. They operate and work together to manage the hotels’ large customer base and provide them with the best of all services. Every hotel has a logistics department which aims at providing the best of the hotels facilities and services to the customers. The services of a hotel range from providing accommodation to food to entertainment to the customers. Therefore, it gets very difficult for the logistics department to take care of the supplies as well as the end products. This is also the reason why logistic management is vague and difficult when it comes to the hospitality industry. For a hotel, the major objective is to satisfy its customers and do nothing to compromise on their tastes and demands. A bar of soap or a roll of tissue paper is probably the smallest item when it comes to a hotel’s room services. When management works to predict the trends of its usage, it wants the supplies in abundance and therefore, many hotels opt for the Never out of Stock inventory. This means ordering the supplies in large amounts so that the inventory never depletes. The inventory includes in-room products like medical aid boxes, stationary, tissues and other toiletries like soaps, disposable sanitary items, shower caps, toothpastes and other cosmetics. As many organizations think this is the best solution to their problem of depletion of inventory, it creates other issues like that of storage. Having the never out of stock inventory calls for more storage space. Space is one thing that the hotels don’t lack in and as a result they assign the required rooms to the storage of their supplies. It is because of this additional space advantage that many hotels also dream of having an accessible on demand warehouse dedicated to the purpose of accumulating its items of inventory(Harrison 2003). But in reality, many hotels encounter problems because of their habit of over-ordering these items. They do so because they are afraid to go out of stocks. This creates trouble for them because hotels often have a little space for storage and more than often they have no warehouses. Also, the staff is inexperienced when it comes to monitor the stock items. This massive ordering of items also weakens the monetary status of the company and they end up paying more money than the usage of these items as they have to be discarded because of their ‘best before’ and expiry dates, this addresses the component of storage facilities in the logistics mix. Another component is that of transportation. Hotel management often is faulty when it comes to estimating the time of the delivery of supplies. The transit time is undermined on many occasions. This also creates issues in the costs involved which get higher as the time of the transit of these items increases. This needs to be managed very professionally since a long delay from the origin of the supplies to the destination which is the hotel can threaten the replenishment of Never out of Stock items. Many unpredictable factors are involved when it comes to replenishment of these items. In a case of depletion of inventory the hotels try to buy stuff from the local markets. The stuff available there is an imitation of what they usually get supplied and therefore by doing so they risk the expectations and anticipations of their customers. In doing so, the corporate identity of the company is also put at stake(Miller 2003). The issue can be conquered with success if the logistics department at the hotel orders the items in large quantities. Bulk buying has always remained a favorable practice to be followed. Ordering the inventory in bulk two times a year is better than ordering the same items in small quantities twice every month. This bulk buying saves a lot of money on freight. Also, freight related costs decrease since the hotel does not have to pay additional charges on administration and customs. In short, the transportation component can be best handled if the logistics is handled effectively. Hotels have been seen fighting over lowering the costs by contacting different manufacturers or suppliers of their inventories and yet they fail to realize the potential that lies within an effectual management of the logistics. Packaging plays an important role as a component in the logistics mix. The smooth operation of every operation requires careful examination of every aspect involved in the process. From the time the shipment leaves for its destination till the time the item is received, all that is with the items is the protection which the packaging provides. The package determines the safety of the items and the exact location of its destination. Unitization is also a very part of the mix. A unit is a certain standard or volume of the quantity of the product that is to be delivered to the consumer. Units combined together form one large unit known as a pallet or units can be subdivided into smaller units for the ease of handling and management known as the consumer packages. Most of the products in the hotel industry move in the form of units. This makes the distribution of the products easier and is also easy on the part of supply chain. The purpose of using these units as a source of easy distribution is to ensure proper handling and storage of these products. They also help in alleviating the costs involved in handling and also reduce damage as lesser individual handling is involved. There are various types of designs which can be adopted to suit the requirements in the best manner possible(Larson & Halldorsson 2004). A very important component without which a lot of things aren’t possible is communications. Communications is supposed to be the most crucial component of all. Communication has always remained the most important item in anything and everything. Logistics too is incomplete without the element of communications in it. Communication is the exchange of messages between two parties for the sake of some purpose. In this case, communication is the passage of messages from the customers to the clients for the objective of placing their orders and other related tasks. For the purpose of communication, a medium is also required. A medium is a way through which the message is carried out to the intended party. Traditional media like phones and fax are there in all the companies. With the advancement of technology, now there are other media too through which one can communicate. For example: the internet. An effective management of this component is required as this is the primary source of every action taken by the hotel. The hotels can also outsource these works to the Hotel Logistics companies which excel at such tasks. These firms/companies provide the best storage facilities by warehousing and superior distribution services and freight management by lowering the costs and charges involved in transportation. They can be contacted through the internet. Popularity of e-commerce has now enabled the hotels and their procurement departments to contact such firms via internet and place their order on the web sites. They also provide solutions to these companies for their different requirements. From food to beverages, from cosmetics to toiletries, from in-room to bathroom products, they are in charge of providing all stocks as are wished for by the hotels. The frequency of use of items in the hotels varies from hotel to hotel. Some hotels place their orders on a weekly basis on any day so as to receive their supplies the following day while other hotels demand a delivery of inventory items twice a week. Some hotels even place orders once a month because of their low usage of these products. This variation of placement of orders is also dependent on regions(Lambert 2008). Hotels in countries which attract a lot of tourists have a higher frequency of placing orders than those which aren’t tourist spots. Also, underdeveloped countries have a low rate of frequency with which the orders are placed(Nathalie & Jahre n. d). Above discussed are the logistics involved in the hotel industry. It also discusses how to manage these components effectively. Now the question arises: how are the effective management of these components and a wise use of their combination is beneficial to the business. The answer is simple and lies within. All these activities of managing the logistics effectively add value to the business as well as to the customers. Increased customer satisfaction increases the loyalty of the customers. Positive marketing is also an outcome associated of this loyalty. This in turn, attracts new customers and widens the customer base of the hotels. It is evident from the above discussion that a strategy must be selected which combines these components in a way that provides best results to the customers. If any company learns to handle its logistics effectively then there is no way that the company is not ahead of the competition it faces in the industry.

The Energy Crisis Of Fossil Fuels - 2291 Words

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